(c)Haruki Imanishi
* This scenario is a fiction *
1. Sanzo Nosaka said, "The Emperor is required."
- The opinion of Sanzo Nosaka to the Emperor
- The anti-Japanese battle line in Yenan
2. Japanese liberation army of 600,000 men who deployed in Siberia
- Detention in Siberia
- They were forced labor, but there military system remained.
3. Scenario of Japanese communization
- Probably, communization of Japan was inevitable when conditions were ready.
- And what happened to the world?
4. What prevented communization of Japan
- The Emperor chose the United States.
- The Emperor made an maximum effort in disarmament of a Japanese army.
- The Emperor did not abdicate.
- The Emperor said, "I followed the constitution".
- Meiji Constitution was made by studing Western civilization.
- The public and the soldiers followed the Emperor
5. War which actually broke out in Korea
- The monument of cross located on Kitakyushu
- A Japanese army is a friendly army of the United States from that time
In the book, "War and Communism", an author Takeo Mitamura wrote, "the Comintern intended to carry out the maximum use of war, and tried to advance communization of each country (especially defeated nation). I would like to ascertain by what kind of means the Comintern tends to communize Japan after The War."
The scenario shown below is my imagination, and the tale was not realized, so is fictitious.
The opinion of Sanzo Nosaka to the Emperor
Although Sanzo Nosaka was a person representing the Japan Communist Party, he was dismissed from the Communist Party in the previous year of his dead at the age of 101 in 1993. He was dismissed by the reason of having betrayed Kenzo Yamamoto, the comrade, in 1939, having charged to the Soviet Union authorities, and having made Yamamoto executed, by the data which came out from the Soviet Union those days.
However, for the general public, more impressive was the report of the previous year (1991) that Sanzo Nosaka asserted continuation of the Emperor's throne at the time of the end of The War.
Sanzo Nosaka visited Moscow from October to December in 1945 (year of the end of The War), he talked with the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, and asserted continuation of the Emperor's throne. And, it was said that the talks influenced judgment of the Emperor non-prosecution of the Soviet Union.
Nosaka is told to have stated as follows.
"The Emperor is unnecessary for us the communists, from the first.
However, in Japan, we must take consider that not only a National Athletic Meet idea but a feeling of immotal power is connected with the Emperor's name, the slogan 'abolish the Emperor and an imperial family' will not acquire popularity among the extensive public.
...
Therefore, he thinks it righter to push out the slogan of making the Crown Prince relieve of the Emperor but abolitioning present Emperor and an imperial family. This slogan will urge concentrating around other subjects which forces of democracy of Japan has raised."
Nosaka spoke standing on the route formulized in Yenan.
Although the system of Emperor will be abolished politically as a result of democratization, the Emperor's throne will be remain, and asks for abdication of the present Emperor.
Haruki Wada Sanzo Nosaka as history Heibonsha March, 1996
The Communist Party was opposite to the Emperor's throne from the first, and domestic influence of those days was also aimed at overthrowing it.
However, January 13, 1946 when Nosaka went back, and he went to party headquarters immediately. A tripartite meeting with Tokuda and Shiga is performed there, and correction of a route is made. A slogan to overthrow the Emperor's throne is taken down as a fundamental plan of a party, and leave it to public opinion.
The author of "Sanzo Nosaka as history" has stated as follows.
Why did Tokuda and Shiga accept Nosaka's opinion frankly?
Isn't this because Nosaka told Tokuda and others that he had discussed the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, and having attached the support, in addition having talked with the Communist Party of China? The authority of Nosaka's activity in Comintern and China was already known. Adding it, the fact that he talked with the Soviet Union party was shown would give Tokuda and others the decisive impression.
Then, if there is nothing, it is unthinkable that the domestic system which stood on the thesis for 32 years and has borne prison life 18 years changes an attitude by a fundamental problem, such as a problem of the Emperors throne.
Haruki Wada Sanzo Nosaka as history Heibonsha March, 1996
Although I was not concerned in particular then, hearring that, I think Sanzo Nosaka understood Japanese feelings well and thought that he himself probably had the special feeling to the Emperor. Many Japanese also would feel like such.
However, at a certain time, I inspirerd to think. But, the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, i.e., Stalin, probably was not like Nosaka. I thought that Stalin should not have borne special feeling to the Japanese Emperor.
I thought then that what the contents of speaking between Stalin and Nosaka would really be. And I have noticed. If they meet together and talk, the purpose of there talking is only one.
It cannot be except the conversation about the route for communizing Japan.
That is, Stalin must have heard it like this.
"Is the Emperor necessity in order to communize Japan?"
Nosaka answered.
"The Emperor is required in order to communize Japan."
Then, why is the Emperor required?
The anti-Japanese battle line in Yenan
In Yenan in China, Nosaka reeducated the Japanese Imperial Army soldiers who became a prisoner of war, and brought up the soldiers who fight for Japanese militarism overthrow. Resistance movement to a Japanese army, i.e. "Japanese people release league", was carried out. And it is Nosaka's very important career to have achieved fixed success, and it is also the reason Sanzo Nosaka's evaluation was high.
From that time, Sanzo Nosaka has expressed the opinion of continuing the Emperors throne instead of overthrowing it. It seems that Nosaka has realized that a battle of Japanese people release cannot be performed when the slogan of overthrowing the Emperors throne is raised.
That is, the soldier of a Japanese army was "consent to the general plan of a release league" but "was not able to fight toward the Emperor."
The career of Nosaka's having brought up the soldier who becomes liberation army must have been important when he talked with the Communist Party of the Soviet Union. Because Japanese communization is infallible to the "release of Japan" itself.
However, the number of the anti-Japanese fighters who raised in Yenan is a small number too much. Did they do Japanese release by such a few soldiers?
Detention in Siberia
On August 9, 1945 of the World War II last stage, the Soviet Union declared war to Japan, canceling Soviet-Japanese Neutrality Pact one-sidedly, and carried out military invasion in Manchuria empire and Japanese northern Korean Peninsula.
The Japanese army caught in Manchuria was disarmed and was brought together in Khabarovsk.
Although they thought that they could return to Japan, their freight car went to the west, the counter direction from Japan. Then, more than 650,000 people are made to do forced labor in Siberia. They were distributed in about 2,000 concentration camps from Siberia to inland, and were forced slavery.
Detention to Siberia was performed for by the command in August (moon of the end of the war), 1945 by Stalin.
And although they were able to return little by little from 1947 to 1956, at least 60,000 people passed away in the ground of Siberia.
They were forced labor, but there military system remained.
I had heard the talk of the person experienced of detention with radio a long time ago.
His unit was engaged in the work which quarries out a stone in a mountain. The work was very difficult. However, there was a person who had been doing work which quarries out a stone in the unit by chance, and they were taught from him that there is a crack in a stone, and how to cut the stone. And everybody in the unit worked by mastering the method.
I thought that how inefficient work it was. Then, I remember the fact I had read in the book. The book said that the detention-in-Siberia person was having carried out forced labor with the military organization.
When I heard this talk in radio, a question happened and the question remained all the time in my head.
Why they were forced labor with the military organization?
And in the back, I have noticed all the time.
It is because having left to the military organization is trying to use as an army! --
When I had noticed so, "having planned to have used 600,000 old Japanese army as an army" and Sanzo Nosaka's word "the Emperor is required" were connected.
Supposing they were trying to use as an army, the reason for having carried out forced labor is also known.
1. In order to maintain physical strength which can work as army
2. Since true purpose is camouflaged
"A Japanese people liberation war is started by 600,000 old Japanese army (a crack unit called the Kwantung Army)." Probably, this is a top secret in the top secret never told, if merely few persons are removed.
A certain intellectual boasted of a Japanese intellectual's pacifism, and said, "If an enemy attacks, I will do - hands in air - and will receive them." However, they say simultaneously, "The United States must go away from Japan." Therefore, the enemy to whom they do - hands in air - and say "come in" is an enemy who attacks from the direction of the Soviet Union, of cource.
Supposing that, as it occurred in Vietnam, 600,000 army who are supported by popular people (especially intellectuals) causes bushfighting to the U.S. occupation forces that dropped the atomic bomb to Hiroshima and Nagasaki, caused the air raid on Tokyo, and slaughtered the man in the street in large quantities.
And supposing that, the gun which they have is the Kalashnikov AK-47 made in the Soviet Union.
And the Soviet Union itself does not have the necessity of shedding blood. They say, it is an own Japanese problem, they are going to release Japan, and it is the domestic issue in Japan. As occurred in Vietnam.
How much was the scale of the U.S. occupation forces of those days? Probably, it was not so large although a regrettable reports did not find the scale of occupation forces of those days.
Was it succeeded? I think that it fully succeeded when some conditions were ready.
Probably, communization of Japan was inevitable when conditions were ready.
Let's make realization possibility of the scenario of Japanese communization an itemized statement.
1. Probably, they did not think that the peace was recovered promptly after the war. Depending on the situation, there would be a big confusions. The responsibility for the confusion would blame for the government and the occupation forces which exist on the back.
2. If a big riot occurs, it will spread nationally. Since it is a time immediately after war, the hate to the United States is by no means small. And the hate would be easily poked up by mass media. This is the time when 600,000 old Japanese army handing Kalashnikov crossed over the Japan sea for release of Japanese people from the occupation forces.
3. The United States is very far from Japan. However, Siberia is very close to Japan. You may come by half a day from Vladivostok to Japan, by ship.
4. Most of the country in Japan is a mountain range. It seems that it is very suitable for bushfighting. The domain of the U.S. occupation forces will be restricted only to plain parts, such as Tokyo and Osaka, in few periods. Since the military strength was vanished, the Japanese government was not able to protect Japan.
5. Although a wish of the Japanese release by the side of a liberation army is serious, American people will not want to war again. Please consider that a situation is reversed. That is, a liberation army will fight for release of its own country, and the United States will fight for rule of Japan --
6. When enemy was in the Soviet Union side, there were many pacifist organizations which recites anti-war strongly in the United States. The demonstrators who sing like, "Don't send young men to a battlefield" will wash Washington, as the time of the Vietnam War.
7. The decisive thing is that it take place not only in Japan. Same time as occurred in Japan, the same motion will take place even in Korea and China. What happens to the odds at that time? Could the United States win the Korean War, if they were not governing Japan?
And what happened to the world?
Southeast Asia will be having become a communist country entirely. If Japan were communized, Taiwan and South Korea couldn't be in a free nation.
And probably the influence is international. When it really be, could the United States and Britain be under liberalism sure enough? The influence of socialism increased even in the United States and Britain in postwar period.
And, the world in the 21st century will be having become an almost different from now.
Probably it will be meaningless to measure the influence, since communization of Japan did not occur, but it seems that socialization occurred on a scale of worldwide.
Do you regard this scenario as a fancy? However, the same thing has broken out actually.
Chiang Kaishek was expelled from China in 1949, and had to escape to Taiwan.
The Korean War broke out in 1950, and almost all Korean Peninsula was likely to governed by the north side.
Each two war was the civil war of the nationals performed by the name of release. And the liberalism side was beaten.
Wasn't the same thing performed even in Japan?
However, if the communist party took the position against the Emperor, it would be impossible to move those 600,000 soldiers.
Therefore, the Emperor is required.
Then, what prevented communization of Japan?
The Emperor chose the United States.
At the time of the Meiji Restoration, the Tokugawa shogunate and anti-government side called the Emperor the Ball [like Jasper], and they scrambled for him to attach the Emperor to the oneself side. It is because who took the Ball serves as those who govern Japan.
It seems to be the imaginary talk. But it is true for the nations who believe it, as in the story of Arthur and his sword Excalibur.
What kind of scramble occurred at the time of defeat of Japan? I see the record which had ridden on the web.
http://www5a.biglobe.ne.jp/~t-senoo/Sensou/kaiken/sub_kaiken.html
- August 15, end of the war
- August 30, Douglas MacArthur arrived at Atsugi
- September 2, Surrender signature on battleship Missouri
- The middle of the month in September, Shigeru Yoshida who newly became the Foreign Minister was invited to the Imperial Palace, and was said "To like to meet MacArthur" by Emperor Hirohito.
- On September 20, Shigeru Yoshida called on MacArthur and told Emperor Hirohito's request. MacArthur specified the place interviewed in a U.S. ambassador's official residence.
- On September 27, the Emperor went to American Embassy and the interview with MacArthur realized him. Although the photograph of interview did not appear in the newspaper of the next day, because they think it spoils the Emperor's authority. But, GHQ pointed to printing of the photograph and was put on the newspaper of following day. The photograph shocked the Japanese whole nation and made defeat realize.
This rapid deployment means the next.
A Ball, the Emperor, moved himself and jumped into the hand of the United States.
That is, the Emperor chose the United States.
When the photograph of having shocked the whole nation is improved anew now which passed through the historical day, even if what "Japan was defeated for in the United States" is shown, it is, but what "the United States also stood as a Japanese protector" is shown clearly. (Please see the photograph of a web)
I hear that the Emperor and MacArthur were interviewed and exchanged opinions about the postwar policy after that repeatedly.
This is the first reason that prevented communization of Japan.
The Emperor made an maximum effort in disarmament of a Japanese army.
The following thing is written on "seven mysteries on History of Showa" (Masayasu Hosaka: Kodansha).
U.S. occupation forces were stationed in Japan, without shedding blood at all. Soldiers were full of uneasiness at first, and although carbine was in the state which can be discharged at any time, but nothing happened at all. The soldier of the U.S. Forces came to stride carbine downward soon, and they strode all over Japan unarmed.
And the book write that the reason was as following.
On August 15, the Emperor has adopted the measure one after another for a Japanese army to store the arms, just after finishing broadcast which tells defeat.
Although the Kantaro Suzuki Cabinet resigned in a body and the Higashikuni Cabinet was born, he ordered "Respect especially the constitution (Meiji Constitution) and an Imperial rescript, strive for control of an army, and maintenance of order, and do your best in situation collection" at that occasion. Furthermore, it is offered to the Imperial-Headquarters persons concerned that the Imperial Family may be dispatched so that armaments may be canceled in the direction army of North China etc. and the end of the war may be accepted in the Kwantung Army, a south army, and it. Imperial Family, Takeda Miya and Takamatsu Miya flew to the basis of the commander of each army by this. "By the command of the Emperor", "all the army immediate ceasefire" commands of the Imperial Headquarters will be performed in this way.
Moreover, the radio broadcast by the head and army ministers, etc., the efforts for disarmament were performed by them repeatedly, and repeatedly. And the peace was recovered promptly.
In next year January (January 1, 1946), the Emperor took out "the Imperial rescript about New Japan" (commonly, renunciation of divinity by emperor), and from February, he toured the whole country and spoke to people directly for nine years.
The Emperor always said like this, then.
"Please do your best in revival."
He never said "revenge -" etc.
A riot which threatens the peace in Japan did not occur by this.
This is the second reason that prevented communization of Japan.
The Emperor did not abdicate.
Although there was much voice which requires the Emperor's abdication, and he once considered to abdicate, but MacArthur persuaded him not to abdicate.
Emperor Hirohito said that he decided not to abdicate in a letter to MacArthur on November 12, 1948.
About details, refer to "five Emperor Hirohito's decision"(Ikuhiko Hata: Kodansha).
The conversation of MacArthur and Siebold, a diplomat, showed in the book.
MacArthur says.
"Even if anyother thinks, there must be no conclusions other than this. If he is abdicating, Japan will fall to a communist's hand and will become disorderly. Don't you think so."
"Yes, I am completely agree."
It is clear that neither MacArthur nor Siebold did such a conversation as mere anticommunist. They were judged as a professional military man and a professional politician who know the international situation at that time. Many Japanese prisoners of war were arrested in Siberia, and the friction of China and Korea increased.
The Emperor said, "I followed the constitution".
And, in "Five Emperor Hirohito's decision"(Ikuhiko Hata: Kodansha), the following topics are written.
On the time before going to a travel on Europe, Emperor Hirohito said to a foreigner press corps.
"I always have wished to be a constitutional monarch. But, I took the direct action for the urgent situation which drew near very much. One was the Affar 2.26, and another is the decision to end The War". ("Grand Chamberlain's history of Showa Period" : Hideo Kishida)
- - -
The reason for direct decision was explaind clearly. Former is the reason that whereabouts the prime minister exist was unknown. Later was that the prime minister can't decide it, and ask Empror's decision. All two were special conditions.
The reason why Emperor Hirohito concentrated constitutional monarch theory, is his scholarly and rationalism character showed by his Biology research on one side, and his experience of visiting Europe on his Crown Prince days, and his educational experience teached by senior statesman like Saionji and Makino. "Five Emperor Hirohito's decision"(Ikuhiko Hata: Kodansha)
That is, Emperor Hirohito was acting as "a sovereign's duty is keeping the constitution."
And, he not only acted so under the Constitution of Japan(New Constitution), but also had acted so under Meiji Constitution.
Meiji Constitution was made by studing Western civilization.
The Constitution of the Empire of Japan(Meiji Constitution) didn't inherited the law of the former Edo period.
It was made by learning the modern legal system of Europe.
Especially, the influence which Hirobumi Ito learned from German jurist Gneist and Stein is great. The book "the thought of Meiji Constitution"(Hidetsugu Yagi: PHP selected books) write like follows.
-- The scholars Gneist and Stein whom Hirobumi Ito met for the purpose of constitution investigation in Europe were those who stand in the historians of law. And Ito also has to draft the constitution by the practice of the technique of the historians of law.
-- Meiji Constitution was a product of "discovering history" which Ito's meeting with the historians of law who was the followers of Bark.
The scholars Gneist and Stein are the followers of Von Savigny whom Hayek has mentioned by "The Fatal Conceit."
As Ferguson put it, 'It must appear very evident, that property is a matter of progress' (ibid.). Such matters were, as we have noticed, also then investigated in language and the law; they were well understood in the classical liberalism of the nineteenth century; and it was probably through Edmund Burke, but perhaps even more through the influence of German linguists and lawyers like F. C. von Savigny, that these themes were then taken up again by H. S. Maine. Savigny's statement (in his protest against the codification of the civil law) deserves to be reproduced at length: 'If in such contacts free agents are to exist side by side, mutually supporting and not impeding each other in their development, this can be achieved only by recognising an invisible boundary within which the existence and operation of each individual is assured a certain free space. The rules by which these boundaries and through it the free range of each is determined is the law' (Savigny, 1840:I, 331-2). Hayek - The Fatal Conceit p.35
Naturally people who drafted Meiji Constitution know such an opinion, and are considered to have made Meiji Constitution.
In his "The Constitution of Liberty", Hayek wrote that the liberal minutest system of law was fixed in the nineteenth century of Germany. And, he wrote that it was made by the scholars centering on von Gneist.
Hirobumi Ito went to the very Germany of those days(1882 to 1883), and studied the constitution. And he is learning to the very man Von Gneist first. Although I do not have the qualification to tell, I believe that Meiji Constitution is based on "The Constitution of Liberty" which brought Europe civilization. (The provision about the Court of Administrative Litigation exists in Meiji Constitution. Provision 61)
There are two important concepts in Meiji Constitution.
1. Protection of private property, i.e., security of ownership.
2. Limit the Emperor's authority(National power) within the limit of law.
According to Hayek, these are the most important concepts that secure freedom.
These two law was destroyed at the time to go to war.
"1." was clearly eroded for a time by the intellectual's inclination to an socialism after Taisho democracy(1910's).
Who would perform 2.?
What did the people who caused National Athletic Meet Clarify movement, and those who turned the Emperor absolutely aim at? People, an organization, the purpose, etc. which were actually started must be analyzed in detail. The researcher needs to show clearly what kind of influence did such a movement.
Incidents 5.15 were terrorism, which murdered the national important person. But the commutation petition which also amounts to 1 million copies nationally reached the court. People say, "The youth officer acted for the Emperor (thatis, for the social justice)." Or, "Worth is the world side. They did from the pure youth's sense of justice." Who did such movement? Such a thing cannot be performed without the power of mass media.
Hayek's "The Road to serfdom" writes.
It is significant that socialists (and Nazis) have always protested against 'merely' formal justice, that they have objected to law which had no views on how well off particular people ought to be, that they have demanded a 'socialization of the law' and attacked the independence of judges. The Road to Serfdom(Digest)p.58
Meiji Constitution is not the cause of The War. I doubt, The War occurred by not keeping Meiji Constitution.
The public and the soldiers followed the Emperor
I think that World War II was a very unhappy thing. However, I think that it was happy for Japan that the unhappier occurrence has been avoided. That is, it could avoid the civil war (the surely same race kills and suits) which took place in China, Korea and Vietnam after The War. (And as for the world, probably, Japan not having been communized will be happiest)
Although people detained in Siberia were unhappy, I think they were happy not to have been hunted up as a fighter of a civil war.
Clearly, it was because they were the soldiers who could't draw a bow toward the Emperor.
And, it is because the Emperor, the keeper of Constitution, (probably knew their existence), did all possible efforts to prevent continuing war.
Supposing this tale is not fictitious, you may feel a historical irony.
Supposing the Soviet Union does not prosecute the Emperor by their existence, those who protected the Emperor's Imperial Throne are the Kwantung Army soldiers detained in Siberia.
Their loyalty to Emperor protected the Imperial Throne.
The monument of cross located on Kitakyushu(old name Kokura)
A photograph is a monument of a cross built on Kitakyushu in Japan.
Standing faced Korea, the soldier of the Allied Forces killed in the Korean War is commemorated.
The scenario which I have described until now is but fictitious, I say. However, in Korea, the same scenario was actually put into execution.
A Japanese army is a friendly army of the United States from that time
Although Japan did not have the formal army then, Japan Coast Guard was doing the mine countermeasures work of the Korean Peninsula coast. Those people were also the soldiers of the old Japanese army who had also fought against the U.S. Forces in the past. From that time, the army of Japan was acting as an American friendly army.
The cooperation with the U.S. Forces of a Japanese army did not begin from mine countermeasures work in the Persian Gulf(1991).
It has begun from the time of the Korean War in 1950.
Since an army of Japan is an army for protecting Japan, it is an army fought for freedom, as long as Japan is in the liberal area.
And gods enshrined in Yasukuni Shrine are gods who protect them.
October 12, 2008(web)
http://www.liberalism.jp
(c)Haruki Imanishi
iharuki@hotmail.co.jp